a2519624a593402a83246bd359d098be English 8-bit variable size UCS Transfer Format, based on ISO/IEC 10646 dataset NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis 01235446432 RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX United Kingdom support@ceda.ac.uk pointOfContact 2026-09-09T09:59:35 UK GEMINI 2.3 WGS 84 GloSATref.1.0.0.0: An observational record of global gridded near surface air temperature change over land and ocean from 1781 2025-06-19T15:52:48 publication 2025-06-19T15:52:48 creation https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/a2519624a593402a83246bd359d098be a2519624a593402a83246bd359d098be NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis 10.5285/a2519624a593402a83246bd359d098be doi The GloSAT reference analysis (GloSATref) is a global gridded data set of air temperature change since 1781. GloSATref combines temperature series from land based meteorological stations with marine air temperature observation from ships. The use of marine air temperature (MAT) data differs from the typical use of sea-surface temperature (SST) data in global near surface temperature data sets, with the use of all-day MAT allowing the data set to extended further into the past than records based on SST. Data are provided as air temperature anomalies relative to 1961-1990 average conditions on a 5-degree latitude by 5-degree longitude grid. Time series of average temperature changes and their uncertainties are available for the globe and for a selection of regions. The gridded data set is produced using methods developed for the HadCRUT5 ensemble global temperature data set. Data is provided as a 200-member ensemble spatially infilled “analysis” data set. A “noninfilled” version of the data set is also provided. GloSATref uses the HadCRUT5 data processing system to produce the gridded data set, time series and uncertainty estimates. Sources of additional information: The following papers are provided in the related documents section with further information about GloSATref.1.0.0.0 and its underpinning data. Gridded dataset description: Morice, C. P., et al. (2025). An observational record of global gridded near surface air temperature change over land and ocean from 1781, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-500. Land station data processing: Taylor, M. et al. (2025, in review). GloSAT LATsdb: a global compilation of land air temperature station records with updated climatological normals from local expectation kriging. Submitted to Geoscience Data Journal. Wallis, E. J., et al. (2024). Quantifying exposure biases in early instrumental land surface air temperature observations. International Journal of Climatology, 44(5), 1611–1635. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8401 Marine air temperature processing: Cropper, T. E., et al. (2023). Quantifying Daytime Heating Biases in Marine Air Temperature Observations from Ships. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 40, 427–438, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0080.1. Morice, Colin P. Unavailable author Unavailable author Berry, David I. Unavailable author Unavailable author Cornes, Richard C Unavailable author Unavailable author Cowtan, Kathryn Unavailable author Unavailable author Cropper, Thomas Unavailable author Unavailable author Hawkins, Ed Unavailable author Unavailable author Kennedy, John J. Unavailable author Unavailable author Osborn, Timothy Unavailable author Unavailable author Rayner, Nick A. Unavailable author Unavailable author Rivas, Beatriz R. Unavailable author Unavailable author Schurer, Andrew Unavailable author Unavailable author Taylor, Michael Unavailable author Unavailable author Teleti, Praveen R. Unavailable author Unavailable author Wallis, Emily J. Unavailable author Unavailable author Winn, Jonathan P. Unavailable author Unavailable author Kent, Elizabeth C. Unavailable author Unavailable author NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis custodian 01235446432 RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX United Kingdom support@ceda.ac.uk custodian NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis distributor 01235446432 RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX United Kingdom support@ceda.ac.uk distributor Kent, Elizabeth C. Unavailable principal_investigator Unavailable principalInvestigator NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis point_of_contact 01235446432 RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX United Kingdom support@ceda.ac.uk pointOfContact NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis publisher 01235446432 RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX United Kingdom support@ceda.ac.uk publisher unknown dataset GloSATref air temperature land surface temperature atmospheric conditions theme GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0 2008-06-01 publication otherRestrictions Public data: access to these data is available to both registered and non-registered users. otherRestrictions Under the following licence http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/, appropriate use of these data may fall under any and attribution required use. This message is intended as guidance, always read the full licence. When using these data you must cite them correctly using the citation given on the CEDA Data Catalogue record. grid English climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere -180.0 180.0 -90.0 90.0 1781-01-01T00:00:00 2021-12-31T00:00:00 NetCDF NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis Data Center Contact 01235446432 RAL Space STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX United Kingdom support@ceda.ac.uk distributor https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/a2519624a593402a83246bd359d098be CEDA Data Catalogue Page Detail and access information for the resource information http://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/deposited2025/GloSAT/GloSATref-1-0-0-0 DOWNLOAD Download Data download https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-500 Morice, C. P., Berry, D. I., Cornes, R. C., Cowtan, K., Cropper, T., Hawkins, E., Kennedy, J. J., Osborn, T. J., Rayner, N. A., Rivas, B. R., Schurer, A. P., Taylor, M., Teleti, P. R., Wallis, E. J., Winn, J., and Kent, E. C.: An observational record of global gridded near surface air temperature change over land and ocean from 1781, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-500, in review, 2024. No further details. information https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8401 Wallis, E. J., Osborn, T. J., Taylor, M., Jones, P. D., Joshi, M., & Hawkins, E. (2024). Quantifying exposure biases in early instrumental land surface air temperature observations. International Journal of Climatology, 44(5), 1611–1635. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8401 No further details. information https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0080.1 Cropper, T. E., D. I. Berry, R. C. Cornes, and E. C. Kent (2023). Quantifying Daytime Heating Biases in Marine Air Temperature Observations from Ships. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 40, 427–438, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0080.1. No further details. information https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.100 Cornes RC, Kent E, Berry D, Kennedy JJ. CLASSnmat (2020). A global night marine air temperature data set, 1880–2019. Geosci Data J. 7: 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.100 No further details. information https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361 Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361 No further details. information https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032352 Osborn, T. J., Jones, P. D., Lister, D. H., Morice, C. P., Simpson, I. R., Winn, J. P., et al. (2021). Land surface air temperature variations across the globe updated to 2019: the CRUTEM5 dataset. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032352. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032352 No further details. information dataset Commission Regulation (EU) No 1089/2010 of 23 November 2010 implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards interoperability of spatial data sets and services 2010-12-08 Marine air temperature data are sourced from the GloSATMAT data set, also developed as part of the GloSAT project and a successor to the CLASSnmat data set. GloSATMAT adds new estimates of diurnal heating biases, enabling the use of daytime observations and allowing the extension of the dataset further into the past compared to nighttime-only marine air temperature data. Land air temperature station data is sourced from GloSATLAT station database (GloSATLAT sdb). This is an extended version of the CRUTEM5 station database. It adds bias adjustments for non-standard thermometer enclosures in the early instrumental periods and includes new climatological normal estimates for stations with limited data in the 1961–1990 baseline period. Data were produced by the project team before uploading to CEDA for archival.