Dataset
Chapter 3 of the Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report - data for Figure 3.16 (v20220105)
Abstract
Data for Figure 3.16 from Chapter 3 of the Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6).
Figure 3.16 shows observed and simulated changes in Hadley cell extent and Walker circulation strength.
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How to cite this dataset
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When citing this dataset, please include both the data citation below (under 'Citable as') and the following citation for the report component from which the figure originates:
Eyring, V., N.P. Gillett, K.M. Achuta Rao, R. Barimalala, M. Barreiro Parrillo, N. Bellouin, C. Cassou, P.J. Durack, Y. Kosaka, S. McGregor, S. Min, O. Morgenstern, and Y. Sun, 2021: Human Influence on the Climate System. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 423–552, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.005.
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Figure subpanels
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The figure has six panels, with data provided for all panels in subdirectories named panel_a, panel_b, panel_c, panel_d, panel_e and panel_f.
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List of data provided
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This dataset contains:
- Modelled and observed trends of the Northern Hemisphere annual-mean subtropical edge latitude of the Hadley cell for 1980-2014
- Modelled and observed trends of the Southern Hemisphere annual-mean subtropical edge latitude of the Hadley cell for 1980-2014
- Modelled and observed trends of the Southern Hemisphere December-January-February subtropical edge latitude of the Hadley cell for 1981-2000
- Modelled and observed trends of the annual-mean Walker circulation strength for 1901-2010
- Modelled and observed trends of the annual-mean Walker circulation strength for 1951-2010
- Modelled and observed trends of the annual-mean Walker circulation strength for 1980-2014
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Data provided in relation to figure
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Panel a:
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_ERA-Interim.nc; black dotted line
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_ERA5.nc; black solid line
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_JRA-55.nc; black dash-dotted line
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_MERRA2.nc; black dashed line
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip5hist.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and percentiles for red open box-whisker
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6GHG.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for brown filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6aer.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for light blue filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6amip.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and percentiles for orange open box-whisker
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6hist.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and percentiles for red open box-whisker, and multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for red filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6nat.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for green filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6stratO3.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for purple filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- lat in panel_a/NHedge_ANN_35yrs_cmip6pi.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and percentiles for blue open box-whisker
Panel b: As Panel a, but with
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_ERA-Interim.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_ERA5.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_JRA-55.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_MERRA2.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip5hist.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6GHG.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6aer.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6amip.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6hist.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6nat.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6stratO3.nc
- lat in panel_b/SHedge_ANN_35yrs_cmip6pi.nc
Panel c: As Panel a, but with
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_ERA-Interim.nc; ERA-Interim
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_ERA5.nc; ERA5
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_JRA-55.nc; JRA-55
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_MERRA2.ncl MERRA2
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_cmip5hist.nc; CMIP5 historical-RCP4.5
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_cmip6GHG.nc; CMIP6 hist-GHG
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_cmip6aer.nc; CMIP6 hist-aer
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_cmip6amip.nc; CMIP6 AMIP
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_cmip6hist.nc; CMIP6 historical
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_cmip6nat.nc; CMIP6 hist-nat
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_1981-2000_cmip6stratO3.nc; CMIP6 hist-stratO3
- lat in panel_c/SHedge_DJF_20yrs_cmip6pi.nc; CMIP6 piControl
Panel d:
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_20CRv3.nc; max-min range for grey diagonal hatching
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_CERA-20C.nc; max-min range for grey vertical hatching
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_ERA-20C.nc; grey dashed line
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_HadSLP2.nc; grey solid line
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_cmip5hist.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and percentiles for red open box-whisker
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_cmip6GHG.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for brown filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_cmip6aer.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for light blue filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_cmip6amip-hist.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and percentiles for orange open box-whisker
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_cmip6hist.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and percentiles for red open box-whisker, and multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for red filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_cmip6nat.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for green filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_1901-2010_cmip6stratO3.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and confidence interval for purple filled box, with ensemble means of individual models for black dots
- dslp in panel_d/WalkerStrength_ANN_110yrs_cmip6pi.nc; multimodel ensemble mean and percentiles for blue open box-whisker
Panel e: As Panel d, but with
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_20CRv3.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_CERA-20C.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_ERA-20C.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_HadSLP2.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_cmip5hist.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_cmip6GHG.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_cmip6aer.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_cmip6amip-hist.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_cmip6hist.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_cmip6nat.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_1951-2010_cmip6stratO3.nc
- dslp in panel_e/WalkerStrength_ANN_60yrs_cmip6pi.nc
Panel f: As Panel d, but with
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_20CRv3.nc
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_ERA-Interim.nc; black dotted line
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_ERA5.nc; black solid line
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_JRA-55.nc; black dashed-dotted line
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_MERRA2.nc; black dashed line
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_cmip5hist.nc
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6GHG.nc
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6aer.nc
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6amip-hist.nc
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6hist.nc
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6nat.nc
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_1980-2014_cmip6stratO3.nc
- dslp in panel_f/WalkerStrength_ANN_35yrs_cmip6pi.nc
Acroynms:
Ann - Annual GHG - Greenhouse gas, aer - aerosol, CMIP - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, 20CRv3 - NOAA-CIRES-DOE Twentieth Century Reanalysis (V3), CERA-20C - Coupled climate reanalyses of the 20th century, HadSLP2 - Hadley Centre Sea Level Pressure dataset (HadSLP2), AMIP - Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP), JRA - The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), MERRA-2 - Global Modeling and Assimilation Office - NASA.
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Notes on reproducing the figure from the provided data
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Ensemble mean, interquartile ranges and 5th and 95th percentiles are calculated after weighting individual members with the inverse of the ensemble size of the same model, i.e. the inverse of the numbers given as the esize attribute in each variable.
Suppose X(i) is the array of lat, and w(i) is the corresponding weight.
- Mean should be suｍ_i(X(i) * w(i)) / sum_i(w(i))
- For percentile values,
1. Sort X and w so that X is in the ascending order
2. Accumulate w until i = j so that accumulated(w)/sum_i(w(i)) equals or exceeds the specified percentile level (e.g. 0.05)
3. Use X(j) or (X(j) + X(j - 1))/2 as the percentile value
- Finally, multiply by 10 all numbers for unit conversion.
Filled boxes and black dots are evaluated based on the models with minimum 3 ensemble members. Model ID of each ensemble member is given as the model_id attribute in each variable. For the confidence interval, first the ensemble average of individual models (with minimum 3 ensemble members) are calculated and then the confidence interval is evaluated based on t statistic.
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Sources of additional information
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The following weblinks are provided in the Related Documents section of this catalogue record:
- Link to the report component containing the figure (Chapter 3)
- Link to the Supplementary Material for Chapter 3, which contains details on the input data used in Table 3.SM.1
- Link to the code for the figure, archived on Zenodo
Details
| Previous Info: |
No news update for this record
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| Previously used record identifiers: |
No related previous identifiers.
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| Access rules: |
Public data: access to these data is available to both registered and non-registered users.
Use of these data is covered by the following licence(s): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ When using these data you must cite them correctly using the citation given on the CEDA Data Catalogue record. |
| Data lineage: |
Data produced by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) authors and supplied for archiving at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) by the Technical Support Unit (TSU) for IPCC Working Group I (WGI). |
| Data Quality: |
Data as provided by the IPCC
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| File Format: |
NetCDF
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Related Documents
Process overview
| Title | Caption for Figure 3.16 from Chapter 3 of the Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) |
| Abstract | Model evaluation and attribution of changes in Hadley cell extent and Walker circulation strength. (a–c) Trends in subtropical edge latitude of the Hadley cells in (a) the Northern Hemisphere for 1980–2014 annual mean and (b, c) Southern Hemisphere for (b) 1980–2014 annual mean and (c) 1980/81–1999/2000 December–January–February mean. Positive values indicate northward shifts. (d–f) Trends in the Pacific Walker circulation strength for (d) 1901–2010, (e) 1951–2010 and (f) 1980–2014. Positive values indicate strengthening. Based on CMIP5 historical (extended with RCP4.5), CMIP6 historical, AMIP, pre-industrial control, and single forcing simulations along with HadSLP2 and reanalyses. Pre-industrial control simulations are divided into non-overlapping segments of the same length as the other simulations. White boxes and whiskers represent mean, interquartile ranges and 5th and 95th percentiles, calculated after weighting individual members with the inverse of the ensemble of the same model, so that individual models are equally weighted (Section 3.2). The filled boxes represent the 5–95% confidence interval on the multi-model mean trends of the models with at least three ensemble members, with dots indicating the ensemble means of individual models. The edge latitude of the Hadley cell is defined where the surface zonal wind velocity changes sign from negative to positive, as described in the Appendix of Grise et al. (2018). The Pacific Walker circulation strength is evaluated as the annual mean difference of sea level pressure between 5ºS–5ºN, 160ºW–80ºW and 5ºS–5ºN, 80ºE–160ºE. Further details on data sources and processing are available in the chapter data table (Table 3.SM.1). |
| Input Description | None |
| Output Description | None |
| Software Reference | None |
- var_id: ensemble
- var_id: lat
- units: degrees/yr
- long_name: trend of NH Hadley cell edge latitude
- var_id: lat
- long_name: trend of SH Hadley cell edge latitude
- units: degrees/yr
Co-ordinate Variables
Temporal Range
1901-01-01T12:00:00
2014-12-31T12:00:00
Geographic Extent
90.0000° |
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-180.0000° |
180.0000° |
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-90.0000° |