This project produced quantitative projections of the real-world spatial patterns of future climate change. Two interlinked frameworks were developed; one to advance our basic understanding of climate change processes through targeted and idealized model experiments; and the other to optimally combine the information from climate models with observations and the new understanding to produce projections of the real world. The frameworks were rigorously tested by application to three key problems in climate projection; (i) tropical and subtropical land-ocean temperature contrast and precipitation change, (ii) northern hemisphere mid-latitude storms and blocking and (iii) polar temperature and precipitation change and sea-ice feedbacks.