Data for Figure 9.9 from Chapter 9 of the Working Group I (WGI) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6).

Figure 9.9 shows long-term trends of ocean heat content (OHC) and surface temperature.

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How to cite this dataset
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When citing this dataset, please include both the data citation below (under 'Citable as') and the following citation for the report component from which the figure originates:
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1211–1362, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011.

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Figure subpanels
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The figure has 4 panels with data provided for all panels.

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List of data provided
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This dataset contains:

- Ice-core rare gas estimates of past mean OHC (units = ZJ), scaled to global mean ocean temperature (°C), and to steric global mean sea level (GMSL) (m) per CCB-2 (red dashed line), compared to surface temperatures (black solid line, gold solid line; °C rightmost axis).
- Southern Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) from multiple proxies in 11 sediment cores and from ice core deuterium excess (Uemura et al., 2018).
(a) Penultimate glacial interval to last interglacial, 150,000–100,000 yr B2K (before 2000) (Shackleton et al., 2020). First panel.
(b) Last glacial interval to modern interglacial, 40,000–0 yr B2K (Baggenstos et al., 2019; Shackleton et al., 2019). Second panel.
(c) Long-term projected (2000 to 12000 CE) changes of OHC (dashed lines) in response to four greenhouse gas emissions scenarios (Clark et al., 2016) scale similarly to large-scale paleo changes but lag projected global mean SST (solid lines). Third panel.
(d) Model simulated 1500–1999 OHC (Gregory et al., 2006) and 1955–2019 observations (Levitus et al., 2012) updated by NOAA NODC. Fourth panel.

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Data provided in relation to figure
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Data provided in relation to Figure 9.9

- Data file: Fig9-9_data_Baggenstoslikely_Deglacial.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_Baggenstosmean_Deglacial.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_GlobalMeanSST_Deglacial.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_GlobalMeanSST_LIG.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_HadCM3_Modern.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_Levitus_Modern.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_SST_to_OHC_Conversion_Factor.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_Shackletonlikely_Deglacial.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_Shackletonlikely_LIG.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_Shackletonmean_Deglacial.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_Shackletonmean_LIG.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_SouthernOceanSST_Deglacial.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_SouthernOceanSST_LIG.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_Uemera_Modern.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_ohc_1280Gt.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_ohc_2560Gt.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_ohc_3840Gt.nc
- Data file: Fig9-9_data_ohc_5120Gt.nc

Changes in OHC (dashed lines) track changes in Southern Ocean SST (solid lines).
All data expressed as anomalies relative to pre-industrial time. Further details on data sources and processing are available in the chapter data table (Table 9.SM.9)

OHC stands for Ocean Heat Content.
GMSL stands for Global Mean Sea Level.
NOAA NODC is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Center.

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Temporal Range of Paleoclimate Data
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This dataset covers a paleoclimate timespan from -150kyr (150 thousand years ago) to 14000 CE (long-term future projection).

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Notes on reproducing the figure from the provided data
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OHC and SST time series were plotted using standard matplotlib software - code is available via the link in the documentation.

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Sources of additional information
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The following weblinks are provided in the Related Documents section of this catalogue record:
- Link to the figure on the IPCC AR6 website
- Link to the report component containing the figure (Chapter 9)
- Link to the Supplementary Material for Chapter 9, which contains details on the input data used in Table 9.SM.9
- Link to the data and code used to produce this figure and others in Chapter 9, archived on Zenodo.
- Link to the output data for this figure, contained in a dedicated GitHub repository.