Long-term trends in halosteric and thermosteric sea level in CMIP6 models and observations. Units are mm year-1. In the right column, three observed maps of 0 to 2000 m halosteric sea level trends (right column) top from (Durack and Wijffels, 2010, 1950–2019 updated – D&W), middle from (Good et al., 2013, 1950-2019 updated- EN4), and lower from (Ishii et al., 2017, 1955-2019 updated – Ishii), and bottom, the CMIP6 historical multi-model mean (1950-2014). Red and orange colours show a halosteric contraction (enhanced salinity) and blue and green a halosteric expansion (reduced salinity). In the left column, basin-integrated halosteric (top) and thermosteric (bottom) trends for the Atlantic and Pacific, the two largest ocean basins, where Pacific anomalies are presented on the x-axis and Atlantic on the y-axis. Observational estimates are presented in black, CMIP6 historical (all forcings) simulations are shown in orange squares, with the multi-model mean shown as a dark orange diamond with a black bounding box. CMIP6 hist-nat (historical natural forcings only) simulations are shown in green squares with the multi-model mean as a dark green diamond with a black bounding box. Further details on data sources and processing are available in the chapter data table (Table 3.SM.1).