This dataset contains Daily Snow Cover Fraction (snow on ground) from MODIS, produced by the Snow project of the ESA Climate Change Initiative programme.

Snow cover fraction on ground (SCFG) indicates the area of snow observed from space on land surfaces, in forested areas corrected for the masking effect of the forest canopy. The SCFG is given in percentage (%) per pixel.

The global SCFG product is available at about 1 km pixel size for all land areas, excluding Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets and permanent snow and ice areas. The coastal zones of Greenland are included.

The SCFG time series provides daily products for the period 2000 – 2022.

The SCFG product is based on Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data on-board the Terra satellite.

The retrieval method of the snow_cci SCFG product from MODIS data has been further developed and improved based on the ESA GlobSnow approach described by Metsämäki et al. (2015) and complemented with a pre-classification module developed by ENVEO (ENVironmental Earth Observation IT GmbH). For the SCFG product generation from MODIS, multiple reflective and emissive spectral bands are used. In a first step, clouds are masked using an adapted version of the Simple Cloud Detection Algorithm version 2.0 (SCDA2.0) (Metsämäki et al., 2015). All cloud free pixels are then used for the snow extent mapping, using spectral bands centred at about 0.55 µm and 1.6 µm, and an emissive band centred at about 11 µm. The Snow_cci snow cover mapping algorithm is a two-step approach: first, a strict pre-classification is applied to identify all cloud free pixels which are certainly snow free. For all remaining pixels, the snow_cci SCFG retrieval method is applied.

The main differences of the snow_cci snow cover mapping algorithm compared to the GlobSnow algorithm described in Metsämäki et al. (2015) are (i) improvements of the cloud screening approach applicable on a global scale, (ii) the pre-classification of snow free areas on global land areas, (iii) the usage of spatially variable background reflectance and forest reflectance maps instead of global constant values for snow free land and forest, (iv) the update of the constant value for wet snow based on analyses of spatially distributed reflectance time series of MODIS data, and (v) the update of the global forest canopy transmissivity based on forest density from Hansen et al. (2013) and forest type layers from Land Cover CCI (Defourny, 2019) to assure in forested areas consistency of the SCFG and the SCFV CRDP v3.0 from MODIS data (https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/e955813b0e1a4eb7af971f923010b4a3) using the same retrieval approach.

Permanent snow and ice, and water areas are masked based on the Land Cover CCI data set of the year 2000. Both classes were separately aggregated to the pixel spacing of the SCFG product. Water areas are masked if more than 30 percent of the pixel is classified as water, permanent snow and ice areas are masked if more than 50 percent are identified as such areas in the aggregated map. Salt lakes are masked based on a manual delineation from MODIS data. The product uncertainty for observed land pixels is provided as unbiased root mean square error (RMSE) per pixel in the ancillary variable.

Compared to the SCFG CRDP v2.0 (https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/8847a05eeda646a29da58b42bdf2a87c/), the following improvements were applied for the generation of the SCFG CRDP v3.0:
1) the pre-classification module to identify snow free areas has been relaxed to consider more pixels for the SCFG retrieval;
2) the SCFG retrieval has been improved adapting the spectral reflectance value for wet snow;
3) the uncertainty estimation of the SCFG has been updated to account for the changes in the retrieval algorithm;
4) salt lakes retrieved by manual delineation from Terra MODIS data are masked in the SCFG CRDP v3.0 and a new class for salt lakes is added in the coding;
5) the time series, starting in February 2000, was extended from December 2020 to December 2022;
6) two additional layers are provided for each daily product:
• the sensor zenith angle in degree per pixel;
the image acquisition time per pixel referring to the scanline time of the MODIS granule used for the classification of the pixel.

The SCFG product is aimed to serve the needs for users working in the cryosphere and climate research and monitoring activities, including the detection of variability and trends, climate modelling and aspects of hydrology, meteorology, and biology.
ENVEO is responsible for the SCFG product development and generation from MODIS data, SYKE supported the development.

There are a few days without any MODIS acquisitions in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, 2016 and 2022. On several days in the years 2000 to 2006, and on a few days in the years 2012, 2015 and 2016, the acquired MODIS data have either only limited coverage, or some of the MODIS data were corrupted during the download process. For these days, the SCFG products are available but have data gaps.